El problema social del indio pdf

The Negro race he imported had to serve, among other things, to reduce the demographic imbalance between ek and Indian. The new policy formally abolished the mita, the encomienda, et cetera.

But we are still burdened with their economic foundations embedded in the interests of a class whose hegemony was not destroyed by the War of Independence. With the exception of livestock ranches that export wool and other products, the latifundia in the valleys and tablelands of the sierra produce almost nothing.

In Europe, the feudal lord to some extent represented the primitive patriarchal tradition, so that he naturally felt superior to his serfs but not ethnically or nationally different from them.

The conquistadors were of heroic stock; the colonizers were not. The Inca civilization was agrarian; the civilization of Marx and Sorel is industrial. The abolition of forced labor, therefore, never became more than a theoretical declaration because it did not touch the latifundium, and servitude is only one of the aspects of feudalism, not feudalism itself.

The republic introduced these principles into its statutes. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website.

We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent.

You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website.

Gellner, Ernest. Naciones y nacionalismo. Nationalist myths and ethnic indentities: indigenous intellectuals and the mexican state. Herzfeld, Michael. Ours once more.

Folklore, ideology an the making of the modern Greece. Estados Unidos: Pella, Knight, Alan. Lays Stepan, Nancy. Lombardo Toledano, Vicente. En torno al problema agrario. Marzal, Manuel. Mazower, Mark. Dark continent. Nueva York: Vintage Books, , p. Medin, Tzvi. Los grandes problemas nacionales. Navarrete Linares, Federico. Identidades diversas; diversidad cultural. Palacios, Guillermo. Shulgovsky, Anatol. Villoro, Luis. Labor in mines and cities was to turn him into a slave.

First, we protest against the instinctive attempt of the criollo or mestizo to reduce it to an exclusively administrative, pedagogical, ethnic, or moral problem in order to avoid at all cost recognizing its economic aspect.

The Indian would have passed from a mixed system of communism and servitude to a system of free wages. Inseparable and of the same substance, their analysis leads us to the conclusion that the servitude oppressing the indigenous race cannot be abolished unless the latifundium is abolished. The colonizer was not guilty of having brought an inferior race—this was the customary reproach of sociologists of fifty years ago—but of having brought slaves.

If this had been accomplished, Peru would no longer have to pay twelve or more million soles a year to foreign countries for the wheat consumed in its coastal cities. We begin by categorically asserting his right to land.

To the basic propositions already stated in this story on the agrarian question in Peru, I should add the following:. The porters and stevedores of the coast shoulder their loadsand rapidly proceeds to the threshing floor, joking with his companion or with the man tugging on his shirt from behind, present a profound and decisive contrast to the indolence, indifference, apathy, and apparent fatigue with which the yanacones do the same or similar work.

The Peruvian system of yanaconazgo is identified, for example, with the Russian system of polovnisckestvo, under which crops sometimes were divided equally between landlord and peasant and mariatebui only a third was given to the latter. Schkaff, La question agraire en Russie, p.

In feudal Russia of the last century, the latifundium showed higher yields than small property. British businessmen and bankers became interested in these lands when they saw the possibility of using them profitably for the production of ;roblema, first, and cotton, later.

Large or medium tenant farmers work a very high percentage of land, which is owned by landlords who have never managed their own estates. The Negro race he imported had to serve, among other things, to reduce the demographic imbalance between white and Indian. We know that this legislation was mostly on paper. In turn, business capital, almost exclusively foreign, had no choice but to deal and associate with this aristocracy, which, moreover, tacitly or explicitly continued to dominate political life.

Como antes, sigui siendo esclavo, persona miserable que decan las leyes de indias. Como antes se vio forzado a trabajar en tierras ajenas. Perseguido, y echado como carne de can a las guerras que sostenan por cuestiones baladis sus nuevos amos. Psicolgicamente tiene aptitudes para abogado, poltico, militar y agricultor, tambin es notable su facilidad para imitar. En su propiedad de la tierra en se dio la laye de redencin de censos, y entonces el indio perdi derecho en la tierra, les despojaron de las parcelas que les correspondan con justo derecho.

Hoy da se sigue arrebatando al indio el dominio de su tierra. El indio ignora que Guatemala es una repblica e ignora sus derechos y sus obligaciones de ciudadano. En su vida civil; es as como no obstante los aos transcurridos, cambia de mujeres, vende a sus hijos, os empea o a su muerte se los hereda al patrn para que cubran su deuda. La vida religiosa del indgena presenta caracteres de mucho inters para nuestro estudio.

Es natural que el indio vea la parte materializa del santo, el santo patrono del pueblo para quien guarda todo su cuidado y consideracin, el indio ha hecho una mescolanza de su primitiva religin, con la religin catlica. Los bailes indgenas, segn el decir de los cronistas, fueron transformndose en los que en la actualidad emplean en las celebraciones religiosas. En la familia indgena sigue en su decaimiento, sin llegar a constituirse con los caracteres de tal siendo de existencia puramente ficticia.

La familia indgena es vctima del utilitarismo de sus componentes por lo comn se ve entre los hermanos desapego y hasta odio y es natural como es sabido la familia indgena sufra una terrible decadencia, un caso de anemia social. En tanto en la poblacin Guatemalteca, existen dos civilizaciones distintas, el derrumbamiento de las primitivas civilizaciones indgenas, el indio no puedo, ni ha podido ni podr incorporarse de un golpe a la cultura avanzada que tiene la minora.

Su situacin es la de un nio que de la noche a la maana se tornase adulto. Correspondiendo el primero a la mayora constituida por el elemento indgenas, y el segundo a la minora, comprendindose en el a los ladinos.

Pero el indio tiende a degenerarse el alcoholismo el factor que ms ha contribuido a sealar con taras degenerativas al indgena, la miseria indgena no ha dejado a las poblaciones camino a la salvacin. En la realidad social indgena presenta enfermedades crnicas tan complicadas que su curacin ha sido considerada por muchos imposibles.

Pero hubo doctores que quisieron mejorar la vida de los indgenas, que se vistieran como las ladinas que calzaran iguales, hacerlos hablar espaol y desterrar de su vida el vicio del alcohol. Que tengan una mejor alimentacin, evitar el casamiento prematuro para evitar la degeneracin de las clases indgenas. La higiene, y la educacin y la mestizacin como medios para retardar la degeneracin del indio, obliga a tratarlas por separado. En la educacin el indio debe educrsele con el propsito de cambiarlo de esclavo en hombre libre, de transformar el medio social indgena a base de educacin es lo que aconseja el sentido comn.

Hay que armonizar las labores de la escuela con las necesidades diarias del hogar que empezando se empieza a establecer el desayuno en escuela para los indgenas. En cuanto a la orientacin sociolgica de la escuela, precisa tomar en cuenta el sentimiento egosta muy desarrollado que existe en el indio y en sus relaciones desprovistas de todo alto principio de sacrificio.